Arthritis is often thought of as an inevitable part of getting older, but doctors say persistent joint symptoms should not simply be accepted as normal ageing.

The term arthritis describes a group of conditions that affect the joints and surrounding tissues. It can cause pain, stiffness, swelling and reduced mobility, and in some cases it can lead to long-term joint damage.

According to written evidence submitted by Arthritis UK to the Welsh Affairs Committee, more than 10 million people in the UK are living with arthritis, making it one of the leading causes of pain and disability.

'Arthritis is a general term for conditions that affect the joints, tissues around joints and other connective tissue,' said Dr Hari Bezwada.

Recognising early symptoms is important because treatment can help relieve pain, improve movement and, in some forms of arthritis, slow disease progression.

What Is Arthritis?

The two broad categories are osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis.

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form. It occurs when the protective cartilage covering the ends of bones gradually wears down.

Dr Bezwada explained that OA most often affects the knees, hips, hands and spine and is linked to ageing, previous joint injuries and everyday wear and tear.

Inflammatory Arthritis

Inflammatory arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is different. It is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the lining of the joints, causing ongoing inflammation.

'Inflammatory arthritis requires treatments that target the underlying immune response,' Dr Bezwada said.

Distinguishing between these types is important because the causes and treatments are very different.

Early Signs of Arthritis

Arthritis symptoms often develop gradually.

Common early signs include:

  • Joint pain
  • Stiffness, especially in the morning
  • Swelling
  • Tenderness
  • Reduced range of motion
  • Difficulty with everyday tasks

Dr Bezwada said many patients first notice that a joint no longer functions as it used to.

'Some note difficulties climbing stairs, opening jars or getting up from a chair,' he said.

Symptoms that persist for several weeks or interfere with daily life should be assessed by a healthcare professional.

Symptoms Often Mistaken for Ageing

One of the biggest misconceptions is that ongoing joint pain is simply part of getting older.

Dr Bezwada said people commonly dismiss:

  • Stiffness lasting more than a few minutes in the morning
  • Aches that persist after activity
  • Swelling
  • Reduced flexibility
  • Difficulty walking or climbing stairs

'Ongoing pain or loss of function is not something people should simply accept as "normal ageing",' he said.

Osteoarthritis vs Inflammatory Arthritis

The pattern of symptoms can provide clues about the type of arthritis.

Osteoarthritis

  • Develops gradually
  • Often affects one or a few joints
  • Pain usually worsens with activity
  • Stiffness tends to improve after a short period of movement
  • Common in weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips

Inflammatory arthritis

  • May develop more quickly
  • Often affects joints symmetrically, such as both hands
  • Morning stiffness can last for an hour or longer
  • Joints may feel warm and swollen
  • Symptoms may improve with movement
  • Fatigue and other whole-body symptoms can occur

Dr Bezwada said identifying the pattern is essential because treatment strategies differ substantially.

What Causes Arthritis?

There is no single cause of arthritis, and risk factors vary according to the type.

Risk factors for osteoarthritis

  • Increasing age
  • Family history
  • Excess body weight
  • Previous joint injuries
  • Repetitive joint stress from work or sport
  • Physical inactivity

Risk factors for inflammatory arthritis

  • Autoimmune disease
  • Genetic susceptibility
  • Smoking
  • Certain environmental factors

Dr Bezwada noted that while some risk factors cannot be changed, maintaining a healthy weight and staying active can help protect joint health.

When Should You See a GP?

GP Assisting Senior / Doctor Helping Elderly Patient
Early assessment of arthritis can help identify the type of condition involved and start appropriate treatment sooner, helping to reduce the risk of significant joint damage. Drazen Zigic via Magnific

Seek medical advice if joint pain, stiffness or swelling:

  • Lasts more than a few weeks
  • Keeps returning
  • Worsens over time
  • Limits daily activities
  • Is accompanied by redness, warmth or fever

Early assessment can help establish the cause and begin treatment before significant joint damage occurs.

People with suspected inflammatory arthritis may be referred to a rheumatologist, while those with osteoarthritis may be managed by their GP, a physiotherapist or an orthopaedic specialist depending on severity.

How Is Arthritis Diagnosed?

Diagnosis usually involves several steps.

Medical history and examination

A doctor will ask about symptoms, affected joints, morning stiffness and the impact on daily life.

Imaging

X-rays can show cartilage loss, bone changes and other features of osteoarthritis.

Blood tests

Blood tests may help identify inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis.

Additional tests

Ultrasound or MRI scans may be used when inflammation or early joint changes are suspected.

Treatments That Can Help

Treatment depends on the type of arthritis and the severity of symptoms.

Exercise and physiotherapy

Regular movement is one of the most effective treatments.

Dr Bezwada emphasised that low-impact exercise can help keep joints flexible and strengthen supporting muscles.

Helpful activities include:

  • Walking
  • Swimming
  • Cycling
  • Water-based exercise
  • Strength training

Weight management

Excess weight increases pressure on weight-bearing joints, particularly the knees and hips. Even modest weight loss can reduce pain and improve function.

Pain relief

Options may include:

  • Paracetamol
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • Topical anti-inflammatory gels or creams

Medication choice depends on the individual's health history.

Injections

Steroid injections may provide temporary relief for some people with osteoarthritis. Dr Bezwada noted that longer-acting injection options are also available for certain patients with knee OA, although suitability should be discussed with a healthcare professional.

Disease-modifying treatments

People with inflammatory arthritis may require disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or other immune-targeting therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent joint damage.

Surgery

Joint replacement surgery may be considered when pain becomes severe and conservative treatments no longer provide adequate relief.

Can Diet Help?

No specific diet can cure arthritis, but a healthy eating pattern may support overall joint health.

Dr Bezwada said diets rich in fruit, vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats may help reduce inflammation and support weight management.

Some people try supplements, but evidence for many products is mixed, and they should be discussed with a healthcare professional before use.

Common Myths About Arthritis

'Exercise Worsens Arthritis'

This is false. Appropriate exercise usually improves pain, mobility and strength.

'Arthritis Only Affects Older People'

Inflammatory arthritis can occur at any age, including in younger adults.

'Nothing Can Be Done'

Modern treatments can often significantly improve symptoms and quality of life.

In Sum

Arthritis is common, but persistent joint pain, stiffness and swelling should not be dismissed as an inevitable consequence of ageing.

Early symptoms such as morning stiffness, reduced mobility and difficulty with everyday activities may signal osteoarthritis or an inflammatory arthritis that benefits from prompt assessment.

Regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, appropriate medication and early medical care can all help reduce pain, preserve joint function and keep people active and independent for longer.